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These children also had repeated measurement of dual-energy Xray absorptiometry assessment of total body fat mass and muscle mass, as well as fasting blood glucose, insulin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, with smoking status, socio-economic status, and family history of cardiovascular disease.

All underwent a bone density scan using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Those screening X-rays — known as DXA for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry — measure bone and also allow an estimation of fat.

Body Spec, of Los Angeles, has offered dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, or DXA testing, at Google since early 2015.

So, Ciccolo says a person may not necessarily be losing weight while building muscle tone, and get the mistaken impression they're not making progress, even if their overall health is improving,  However, getting a firm handle on an individual’s body composition – such as a lean body mass, or muscle-to-fat ratio – requires sophisticated technology, he says, such as a DEXA, or duel-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan that also looks at bone density.