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Alcohol may also increase levels of adenosine, a chemical messenger that is important for sleepiness.

Caffeine is a psychostimulant that works by blocking the adenosine receptors in the brain, which are linked to sleep, memory and learning.

A protein kinase activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, an intracellular signaling molecule.

Because adenosine levels in your brain decrease while you sleep, they’re at their lowest immediately after you wake up, Grandner said.

This leads to more production of adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and transfers energy in the cells.