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In addition, emissions from fuel-operated auxiliary heaters may be higher due to limited aftertreatment, potentially offsetting any advantages in terms of these emissions as well.

The effect of auxiliary heaters on in-use emissions is more pronounced because there is no emissions aftertreatment for heaters as there is for engine emissions.

"Engines, transmissions, aftertreatment systems, and other parts will simply not be manufactured for battery electric and fuel cell vehicles," she said.

Now Mueller and his colleagues hope to use his concept to try to create the first practical low-soot, low-NOx diesel engines, which, he says, would need less or no exhaust aftertreatment.

In a separate statement, Daimler said the raids were because of “suspicion of fraud and criminal advertising relating to the possible manipulation of exhaust-gas aftertreatment in passenger cars with diesel engines.”