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"Even though the periodontal tissue is composed of gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum, analyses are usually performed exclusively on gingival samples due to technical and quantitative limitations," remarks lead author Mr. Anhao Liu.

These cells, Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells, handle gas exchange, letting oxygen in and carbon dioxide out.

But as genomic data revealed, the children shared another characteristic: the absence of a chemical receptor that is supposed to call alveolar macrophages into action.

Alveoli are crucialto human survival, and their health is dependent on a lipid-rich environment created by alveolar cells and sustained by macrophages.

To maintain this protection, the study noted that segmented filamentous bacteria required immune cells in the lungs called basally resident alveolar macrophages.