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The COE in this study proved more effective than antibiotic controls amikacin and imipenem at eradicating Mab in both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments.

Doctors discontinued the Amikacin and switched drugs.

Because Amikacin can cause permanent hearing loss, she would need to undergo a hearing test every two weeks.

William Hanage, an epidemiologist at the Harvard School of Public Health, was among those showing that these genes conferred a resistance to amikacin, a semi-synthetic drug that did not exist before the 1970s.

Finally, XDR-TB is resistant to those two drugs, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least one of the three injectable second-line drugs, capreomycin, kanamycin and amikacin.