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Chang and other scientists believed a person with anarthria — the inability to speak — still would be able to generate the same brain activity, but it wasn’t certain until his team succeeded.

Because the brain reorganizes over time, it wasn’t clear that speech production areas would give interpretable signals after more than 10 years of anarthria, notes Anne-Lise Giraud, a neuroscientist at the University of Geneva.

He admits that a lesion in the region of the lenticular nucleus is followed by inability to speak, but this defect is, in his opinion, to be regarded as an anarthria.

Then occurs dysarthria, and, if the path is totally impassable at any place, anarthria.

The participant had a stroke more than a decade ago that left him with anarthria—an inability to control the muscles involved in speech.