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The leaves were used as currency in the Inca Empire, which ruled the Andes mountains spanning the length of South America, and fed to the victims of human sacrifices before their untimely departures.

The microbiologists used the novel approach on Atacama soil samples collected from the desert along a west-to-east swath from the ocean's edge to the foothills of the Andes mountains.

They argue that it is not Spanish treasure because it was plundered by the Spanish from mines in the Andes during the colonial period.

The soldiers who were sentenced on Tuesday had been deployed to the districts of Manta and Vilca, in the Andes mountains.

That reference to exile “is like a warning of territorial limits,” explains co-author Lozada Mendieta, an anthropologist at the University of the Andes.