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One avenue for this ambition is cell receptors, which function like ignition slots on a cell, requiring keys -- such as specific hormones, drugs, or antigens -- to start up specific cellular activities.

All cancers -- particularly immune-silent, fast-growing cancers like glioblastoma -- produce signals called antigens that scientists can use in immune therapies to manually alert the immune system to the presence of incognito cancers.

The new vaccine combines the traditional pertussis antigens with an innovative adjuvant called T-vant, which boosts the body's immune response specifically in the respiratory tract.

Each contains different antigens and antibodies, meaning that receiving blood from the wrong group can be life-threatening.

Thus IFN-gamma responses are marker of vaccine candidate antigens and efficacy.