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The researchers show that dAdo is initially produced in the apoplast, an extracellular space outside the host cells.

"Regarding the ferric reductase activity of HYP1, our results demonstrate that this function is critical to prevent malate-induced Fe overaccumulation in the apoplast and to maintain cell elongation and meristem integrity in root tips exposed to low P," explains Dr. Ricardo Giehl.

Some eH2O2 moves from the apoplast into the cytoplasm through channel proteins called aquaporins3.

However, unlike the cytoplasm, the apoplast contains relatively few molecules that counteract oxidation1 — and so ROS, including H2O2, can survive for much longer in the apoplast than in the cytoplasm.

The protein has an intracellular kinase enzyme domain, and an extracellular domain that protrudes into the apoplast — the compartment between a plant cell’s plasma membrane and the cell wall.