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Ultimately, the donor skin, called an allograft, must be replaced with an autograft, skin taken from another part of the patient’s own body.

Or, at least, that’s how it should work—unlike in an autograft, stem cells don’t always turn into the needed bone or cartilage because of the scaffolds’ material makeup.

But that procedure, called an autograft, creates a whole new bone injury that can be painful and slow to heal.

Reconstructive surgery requires a graft either from the patient’s own knee, an autograft; or an allograft from a deceased donor.

Current PNI repair options, whether an autograft or NGT, are unable to create a suitable environment for axonal regeneration in cases of major nerve trauma.