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While waiting or serving his sentence, he’d probably get infected with TB—it was estimated that 80 percent of all Russian prisoners had bacilli in their bodies.

Swabs from the skin, nose and mouth, as well as saliva and stool samples, showed that 34 percent of all participants had antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as resistant Gram-negative bacilli or vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

Koch complied with a vial swarming with cholera bacilli.

Cholera, tuberculosis, diphtheria and typhoid bacilli were subsequently identified.

The investigation, by a team of microbiologists from Southampton University and published in the US journal mBio, found that bacilli such as listeria and salmonella remain completely active after chlorine washing.