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"We discovered that a particular type of bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis, was strongly linked to the ability of these enzymes to affect tamoxifen levels in the blood in a positive way. This suggests that the gut microbiome plays an important role in how tamoxifen works in the body."

Surprisingly, the team found that vitamin D acts on epithelial cells in the intestine, which in turn increase the amount of a bacteria called Bacteroides fragilis.

To test if the bacteria alone could give better cancer immunity, mice on a normal diet were given Bacteroides fragilis.

Although Bacteroides fragilis is also found in the microbiome in humans, more research is needed to understand whether vitamin D helps provide some immune resistance to cancer through the same mechanism.

What's more is the inflammation triggered by fiber free diets appeared to increase in reaction to the increased abundance of mucin degrading bacteria Akkermansia mucinphila and Bacteroides caccae.