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He came to the U.S. from his native South Africa and literally talked his way into M.I.T., where he invented the bathythermograph - a heavy, torpedo-shaped device that measures temperature as it falls through the water.

Equipped with a gadget of Woods Hole's devising, a bathythermograph, many a U.S. sub saved itself during World War II by finding a temperature "hill" in the ocean and slip ping behind it.