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They also banned the batuque - for being too noisy and too African - and funaná because its lyrics challenged social inequalities.

That, says Souza, is most probably an early performance of batuque - and she was inspired to write the song Sant Jago by Darwin's accounts of the warm hospitality he received on Cape Verde.

She has combined jazz and English sea shanties with Cape Verdean rhythms - including the funaná, played on an iron rod with a knife and the accordion, and the batuque, played by women and based on African drumming rhythms.

Adjei is a Ghanian-Dutch filmmaker, schooled in Utrecht, the Netherlands and Ghent, Belgium, whose past credits include videos for Madonna’s “Dark Ballet” and “Batuka,” both taken from her 2019 album Madame X. The latter, which takes its title and musical cues from the Cape Verdean genre batuque, was shot on the coast of Portugal and references the country’s role in the slave trade.

Madonna was more suited to the harder beat of “Batuka” a song based on the matriarchal, call-and-response Cape Verdean tradition of batuque.