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However, we won’t be able to provide an informed recommendation until we’ve pit these phones against each other in a bench test.

But scaling up from a cell that generates results in a bench test to a durable, roadworthy battery pack will be a long road.

Emissions from those engines, it says, produced “noticeable deviation between bench test results and actual road use.”

On Tuesday, it said its Type EA 189 engines—found in some diesel models like the Jetta—displayed “a noticeable deviation between bench test results and actual road use,” adding it was “working intensely to eliminate these deviations through technical measures.”

Swimmers are subjected to a "bench test" and a "water test" before being observed during competition.