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For a steady-temperature system, metrologists can combine these density measurements — effectively the number of particles in the cavity — with the Boltzmann constant, which relates temperature to kinetic energy.

The kelvin will soon be defined by the Boltzmann constant, which links energy and temperature, rather than in reference to conditions at a specific temperature of water, known as the triple point.

Boltzmann constant, or a change in thermal energy of 1.380 649 × 10−23 joules.

The four will be based on Planck's constant, the elementary charge, the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant, respectively.

“We hope that eventually by international agreement our measurements and others will ‘fix’ the Boltzmann constant so that forever after we define temperature as a certain number of joules per degree kelvin.”