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Coconut palms now represent over half of the tree cover on these low islands, confining formerly widespread native broadleaf trees to small fractions of their natural range.

“And we’ve had almost no weeds. Every once in a while a broadleaf weed comes up and we just pull it. ... We love it.”

In the northern broadleaf forests of the U.S. and Canada, alien earthworms' impact on soil stresses trees such as sugar maples by altering the microhabitat of their soils.

Since alternative foods for later consumption, especially acorns, are more abundant in broadleaf forests, a mouse can afford to consume them right away.

The ecosystem types the scientists analyzed -- desert, coastal sage scrub, chaparral, montane wet forest, mixed riparian woodland and mixed conifer broadleaf forest -- cover about 70% of California's land area.