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The local population has dispersed, he said, because many people fled to the nearby town of Bule, seeking safety.

Around 70,000 displaced people arrived in Bule between April 15 and May 15 because of the armed violence in the surrounding areas, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said in its most recent report.

It killed about 60 people at another camp near Bule last year, in one of its deadliest massacres.

Bule’s restaurant job brought her intimate knowledge of the tenacity and exploitation underlying more abstract debates about immigration.

Violette Bule’s “Dream America,” a photographic diptych of a dishwasher carrying a tray of red, white and blue plates and the stars and stripes, evokes August Sander’s famous portrait of a bulging, burdened bricklayer.