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"Then we introduce the ammonia gas, which causes one of the sites to be occupied by an ammonia molecule. The remaining sites attract CO2, promoting interaction with ammonia to form carbamate species."

By employing nickel atoms laid out on an electrified surface, the team was able to directly convert carbamate, the captured form of carbon dioxide, to methane.

For example, organophosphates and carbamates, two similar classes of insecticides that have been used for decades, interfere with the nervous system.

Department of Commerce in August published a description of both the Novichok agents and the carbamates that the two proposals would cover in the Federal Register—including structural information.

In the intervening years, we banned or phased out DDT and the most bird-toxic carbamates and organophosphates, only to see them replaced by a more pernicious generation of pesticides, the neonicotinoids.