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Stipes usually short, but sometimes 6-8 mm. long, and when growing in clusters, the bases consolidated by a carbonous stroma.

They shot a chemical stream at the fire, instead of one of merely water, and carbonous acid, or, as it is commonly called, carbonic acid gas, was generated.

In the old days all similar carbonous fungi were called Sphaeria.

Perithecia carbonous, forming several stratose layers, imbedded in the stroma in the depressions.

The usual Xylaria has a white, sterile, central portion known as the stroma, bearing a carbonous crust.