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"With the advent of fluoridated toothpaste, other countries without fluoride in the drinking water have similar caries occurrence as the US."

Dr Christmas remembers incidents of misogyny where she felt she could not speak up and still "caries the guilt of that".

The findings suggest that caries, tooth infections, and toothache were common among the Viking population in Varnhem.

The authors add: "In a Swedish Viking population, around half of the individuals suffered from dental caries. The Vikings performed both tooth filing, tooth picking, and other dental treatment, including attempts to treat dental infections."

Caries-related parameters included root canal fillings, apical rarefactions and caries lesions.