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He is formless, almost faceless, a man whose countenance is a caricature, a man whose framework seems cartilaginous, without bones.

With such robust evolutionary versatility, these cartilaginous fishes have survived not one, not two, but five mass extinctions in Earth's history.

“The bullet track produced a 2 cm wide wound that extended down to the cartilaginous surface of the ear. There was initially significant bleeding, followed by marked swelling of the entire upper ear.”

Sutures, as in the skull, don’t move in adults, and cartilaginous joints, such as those that connect the ribs to the sternum, tend to have very limited mobility.

This study significantly expands the understanding of these ancient cartilaginous fish and provides further insights into a past marine ecosystem.