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One study, Teegarden pointed out, found a correlation between UPF consumption and accidental death — a statistical oddity that likely indicates residual confounding rather than causation.

While rising asylum claims may seem linked to "democratic backsliding" in India, correlation isn't causation, the authors say .

Although some have pointed out that implying causation with this association is not possible with this kind of data, the former narrative has continued to be perpetuated in the media and scientific journals across decades.

Correlation is not necessarily causation, but we all have our suspicions.

And then there are these questions about causation and correlation.