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Women who needed respiratory care or who suffered a cerebrovascular accident like stroke or intracranial haemorrhage were 40 per cent less likely to have a second baby.

These findings suggest that WMHs, indicative of cerebrovascular damage from a variety of sources, could provide additional context to understand an individual's potential for recovery post-stroke.

The study also analyzed major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events including death, heart attack, stroke, bypass graft surgery, or repeat PCI.

Of note, an additional analysis that included both outdoor light at night and pollution found that the associations with increased risk of cerebrovascular disease persisted, except for ischemic stroke.

Stroke, and other cerebrovascular diseases, occur when blood flow to the brain is affected, causing damage to neurons.