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The rotational properties were enabled by adding molecular components that contained an atom from the 'chalcogen' group of elements in the periodic table, specifically sulfur or selenium, to a simple organic molecule: an amide compound.

We ran a few models and compared our isotope predictions for each model with the actual measurements of chalcogen isotopes on Earth.

One of these was a chalcogen-containing gas that supplied chalcogen atoms for the TMC; the other gas was phosphorus, which provided further impurity atoms for TMC doping.

Kadlag, Y. & Becker, H. Highly siderophile and chalcogen element constraints on the origin of components of the Allende and Murchison meteorites.

The trick, he says, was to source each ingredient from gases in which each molecule contained just one atom of the transition metal or chalcogen.