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Two sets of similar but heavier particles can pop into brief existence: the muon, muon neutrino, charm quark, and strange quark; and the tau, tau neutrino, top quark, and bottom quark.

In the 1960s, for example, rare decays of kaons hinted at the existence of the charm quark before it was directly discovered.

That's because packaging the charm quark in the baryon and anticharm quark in the meson separates them, keeping them from annihilating each other.

The second family consists of the charm quark, the strange quark, the muon and the muon neutrino, where the charged fermions have greater masses than their counterparts in the first family.

Within months, they made further discoveries that confirmed their interpretation of the particle as a charm quark.