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When X-rays hit molecules, they can knock electrons out of certain orbitals and into extremely high-energy states, breaking chemical bonds.

Metal atoms such as nickel have electronic properties that allow them to temporarily bind reactants, making chemical bonds easier to break and create.

In the hMPV F protein, Zhu didn't find the same patch of repellant molecules -- instead, he used a strong chemical bond as a "brute force" solution to hold the protein together.

The structures are held together by some of the strongest chemical bonds in nature, including the ones that turn carbon atoms into diamonds.

The team also found that MVPs don’t form fixed chemical bonds with their neighbors.