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Like about a dozen other states that have implemented some form of digital ID, however, California faces what Gordon calls a chicken-and-egg problem: businesses want to see more people adopt digital licenses before they decide to support them, and people want the licenses to be more widely accepted before they bother to sign up for one.

Business leaders in the early 2000s were painfully aware that downtown L.A. lacked the vibrancy of other big cities because it had so few residents, but was stuck in a chicken-and-egg dilemma: People didn’t want to live there because it lacked restaurants, grocery stores and other typical city-life amenities, but merchants didn’t want to set up shop because few lived there.

Sanchez-Roige acknowledged that there is a chicken-and-egg aspect to their findings.

But it’s a classic chicken-and-egg situation: Have the number of subscribers dropped because people feel the networks have less to offer?

"There's always been a 'chicken-and-egg' question of which came first -- the start of plate tectonics or TTG magmatism to make new continental crust," says Dr. Smit.