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The new system, which could be ready for commercial deployment within two or three years, could detect lead concentrations as low as 1 part per billion, with high accuracy, using a simple chip-based detector housed in a handheld device.

This would involve having a small chip-based laser coupled to the photonic chip.

The new devices enable electro-optical control of polarization, which could open new possibilities for chip-based devices and complex photonic circuits based on femtosecond-written waveguides.

But in the 1990s, engineers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center developed a chip-based sensor called a microcalorimeter, which can measure the energy—closely related to wavelength—of individual x-ray photons.

While the primary A15 Bionic SoC on the iPhone 13 and iPhone 13 Pro is manufactured by TSMC, there are plenty of other chip-based components inside the phone that come from other sources.