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Divalent chromium has the same number of unpaired electrons as trivalent manganese, the chromophore responsible for the intense color of YInMn blue, which Subramanian's team discovered 15 years ago.

"Our idea was to label sugar molecules with a chromophore, a chemical that gives a molecule its colour," explained Cecioni.

In Fig. 2d the transient absorption spectrum of a chromophore cresyl violet in solution as a function of the pump–probe time delay is shown.

The chromophore in the middle of the barrel is the key to its fluorescence.

Three amino acids at the end of the helix create the chromophore — the part responsible for the fluorescence.