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The properties of clay and claystone crucially depend on how the tiny sediment particles are orientated.

Employing cutting-edge techniques like Rock Eval Pyrolysis, they deciphered the organic richness of different types of rock, including shale, claystone, sandstone, and siltstone.

"The limestone, sandstone, claystone and gypsum layers that formed the ocean bed were folded and crumpled to create the Anti-Atlas Mountains," the space agency said in a statement that accompanied the image.

The bottom part of the cliff — the part that fell — is a compressed, compacted sand and claystone material that’s millions of years old.

When the felspar assumed the appearance of a slaty claystone, which it did towards the base of the mountains on the banks of the river, we observed no copper in it.