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Tree nets are particularly well established in French and Italian apple orchards, where nets draped over rows of apple trees limit the movements and egg laying of codling moths.

South Africa is challenging recently enacted changes to EU phytosanitary requirements for imports of oranges and other citrus products related to the pest Thaumatotibia leucotreta, or false codling moth, the WTO statement said.

The barriers were 100 percent effective against apple maggots, but the codling moths were able to bore right through the material to gain entry to the apple.

Apple orchards were purged of the codling moth.

Then DDT promised to “obliterate the nightmare” of codling moth outbreaks.