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They could thereby assemble the chlorophyll molecules into two different forms, namely columnar stacks and discrete aggregates, mimicking the circular and tubular arrangements seen in photosynthetic bacteria.

In a recent study, researchers from Japan developed modified norcorrole molecules whose side chains favored the formation of columnar π-stacking structures.

To replicate the columnar formations of birds, in which they line up one directly behind the other, the researchers created mechanized flappers that act like birds' wings.

This layered compound, like the previously reported one, also exhibited columnar defects spanning all stacked layers.

It is transparent, colorless and made primarily of phosphorus formed as columnar crystals.