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"They blur the line between what we traditionally call livestock and a companion animal or pet."

Deborah Howard, founder of the Companion Animal Protection Society, has requested health certificates from various states to trace how dogs move from puppy mills to pet shops and other resellers.

The research received a small amount of funding from the Center for Companion Animal Health, but was primarily conducted by the above authors as volunteers.

The most common AAT model, the scientists say, is when a companion animal, such as a dog or cat, is integrated into a therapeutic plan.

“And so it was shocking, and it showed that this simple barrier of having a companion animal could lead directly to housing insecurity and homelessness, if not addressed.”