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Silicon semiconductors have become the 'oil' of the computer age, which was also demonstrated recently by the chip shortage crisis.

The economist Robert Solow famously said in 1987, “You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics.”

Portable computers and other electronics, now mandatory for learning, are a major driver behind these soaring figures, a notion that would have been inconceivable at the dawn of the computer age in 1980.

�y��vlog in “Coded: Art Enters the Computer Age, 1952-1982,” the illuminating recent Los Angeles County Museum of Art exhibition, is Cage’s “HPSCHD,” from 1969.

There were other problems that she inherited as well, including a certain backwardness in adapting to the computer age and a failure to adjust census taking to demographic changes like the proliferation of nontraditional households.