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The company provides IT services among its businesses, which also include running the London congestion charging zone, collecting the BBC licence fee and overseeing training for the Royal Navy.

“I am puzzled and disappointed to see that New York still hasn’t enacted congestion charging when the apparent barriers now seem to be out of the way,” said Mr. Byford, who now runs the subway and bus system in London, which brought in congestion pricing 18 years ago.

The plan, if passed, will pump state money into improvements, and also introduce congestion charging, which would help the decades-long problem of underfunding Getting funding for New York City-specific transport has been difficult in a state where some cities are 400 miles from New York.

So would increasing spending on public transport, reducing traffic in cities using congestion charging, and promoting walking and cycling with schemes such as car-free days.

Where Livingstone bequeathed the Oyster card, the congestion charging zone and the Olympics, Johnson’s legacy includes a £60m cable car across post-industrial east London that serves little transport purpose, new Routemaster buses bought for £300m that had to be expensively retrofitted because they became unbearably hot, and the £6m Orbit tower and slide, commissioned in a flap by Johnson when he felt the Olympic site needed “something extra” and was costing taxpayers £10,000 a week by the end of his mayoralty.