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In contrast, "conspecific killing," where a cell consumes another cell of the same species, was less common, observed in only three of the seven major taxonomic groups examined.

The authors add, "We found that just like in mice, human tears contain a chemical signal that blocks conspecific male aggression. This goes against the notion that emotional tears are uniquely human."

In total, the roosters emitted 77 alarm calls in the presence of a conspecific -- but only 17 when they were alone.

“I duly laid on him the privilege and obligations of a conspecific,” he muses.

Three explanations are usually given for why conspecific brood parasitism occurs5.