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Aside from the distant and prosperous city of Constantinople, few great urban centres dominate the landscape.

The Monreale mosaics were meant to impress, humble and inspire the visitor who walked down the central nave, following the fashion of Constantinople, the capital of the surviving Roman empire in the east.

He also urged that a stand be taken against “the indoctrination of Islam” in public schools and referred to a “Muslim horde” that invaded Constantinople hundreds of years ago.

Between about 1455 and the end of 1500, roughly 30,000 different editions of printed books appeared, amounting to millions of copies, all over western Europe, and as far as Constantinople.

It is unclear whether Joyce remained in Algiers with his new master, was transported elsewhere around northern Africa, or shipped back to Constantinople.