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This well-known fringe pattern phenomenon is caused by consistent constructive interference but has different characteristics when radio waves propagate around a neutron star.

"In a typical X-ray diffraction experiment, one makes use of the constructive interference of the X-rays scattered from the periodically aligned atoms to measure their average positions," says Michael Först, one of the leading authors of this work.

This is called constructive interference.

With constructive interference, the detectors would register 4,000 pairs of photons per second.

As has been shown previously7, the relative phase of these two fields determines the strength of the combined electron–light interactions: in-phase fields can enhance the interaction in a kind of constructive interference, whereas the two fields can cancel each other out if they have opposite phases.