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"I think an outstanding question is how this will all overlap with efforts to restrict birth control and contraception, and how this will affect debates around spending like on childcare funding."

Emergency contraception is already free of charge from most GPs and sexual health clinics but ministers say getting it over the counter is more of a "postcode lottery".

Access to abortion and contraception is enshrined in the California Constitution.

Without cash, every transaction is recorded, meaning that women’s spending — on reproductive health, contraception or even emergency shelters — could be tracked, putting their privacy at risk.

Women in these regions face higher maternal and infant mortality rates, increased risks of preterm birth, and limited access to contraception and family planning services.