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Bosco worked with the team at subcontractor Leonardo in Florence, Italy, to fix the problem by improving how the algorithms filter out cosmic noise.

The problem occurred when the on-board pointing system mistook cosmic noise for faint stars in dark patches of sky, and directed the spacecraft to reorient itself while capturing a shot.

Sullivan also memorialized the work of the entire generation of post-WWII radio astronomers, interviewing 250 of them for a history, “Cosmic Noise,” which he finally completed in 2009 — 38 years after he started.

By comparison, natural sources of cosmic noise – quasars, pulsars or the gas in the Milky Way – typically emit broad-band signals.

They will also need a great deal of skill – and patience – to pick out promising signals from a continual flood of cosmic noise.