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Such large structures should not exist according to one of the guiding principles of astronomy, called the cosmological principle.

The Big Ring is by no means the first likely violation of the cosmological principle and so suggests that there is another, yet to be discovered, factor at play.

The centerpiece of this approach was a remarkable book published in 1986 and co-authored with physicist Frank Tipler entitled The Anthropic Cosmological Principle.

What cosmological principle would be offended if we changed that number to 15 or 17?

One occurred while they were drinking beer after an evening talk by the astronomer Tommy Gold on “the perfect cosmological principle.”