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There are its famous, incomparable Juan Sánchez Cotán still life, in which ordinary market fruits and vegetables seem to crystallize in vivid space; the El Greco “St. Peter”; a princely portrait by Sofonisba Anguissola, born in Italy and one of the few women to work at the Madrid court; four Zurbarán paintings; and nearly a dozen more.

Velázquez, Murillo, Zurbarán, El Greco, Sánchez Cotán — more than 100 works by these and other Spanish artists, including those working in imperial outposts in Mexico, Peru and the Philippines as well as other parts of Europe, survey the rise of the Habsburg dynasty after the mid-17th century.

In 1590 Juan Sánchez Cotán painted his “Bearded Lady of Peñaranda,” probably not as a medical curiosity, but more likely to warn men about effeminate behavior, Mr. Navarro said.

This image references a 1602 Baroque still life by Juan Sánchez Cotán titled Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber.

In another piece he shows the path of a bullet shot through a pomegranate in a still life setup quoting a 17th-century work by Juan Sanchez Cotán — along with the resulting spray of crimson juice.