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In a 2002 review of charging decisions made by prosecutors in three major cities, Cassia Spohn, now director of the School of Criminol­ogy and Criminal Justice at Arizona State University, found that prosecutors were substantially more likely to file charges ‘‘if the victim was injured, if the suspect used a gun or knife and if there was physical evidence,’’ and ‘‘if the victim reported the crime promptly’’ or ‘‘if there were no questions about the victim’s moral character or behavior at the time of the incident.’’

Criminol′ogist; Criminol′ogy, that branch of anthropology which treats of crime and criminals.—adj.