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This renal damage is believed to result from kidney stones formed from melamine and uric acid or from melamine and its cocrystallizing chemical derivative, cyanuric acid.

We further demonstrated that melamine is converted to cyanuric acid in vitro by bacteria cultured from normal rat feces; Klebsiella was subsequently identified in fecal samples by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.

Cyanuric acid was detected in the kidneys of rats administered melamine alone, and the concentration after colonization was increased.

We report that cyanuric acid can be produced in the gut by microbial transformation of melamine and serves as an integral component of the kidney stones responsible for melamine-induced renal toxicity in rats.

In culture, Klebsiella terrigena was shown to convert melamine to cyanuric acid directly.