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Most of the old cycads revealed that they weren't nitrogen-fixers, but these also turned out to be the extinct lineages.

The cycad genome contains similar networks, showing they were active in the earliest seed plants, notes Shouzhou Zhang, the botanist at the Fairy Lake Botanical Garden in Shenzan, who led its sequencing.

“These are all cycads,” the composer Tobias Picker said, gesturing at a low canopy of fanned-out, pinnate leaves near the entrance of the conservatory at the New York Botanical Garden.

Almost 280 million years later, in what is now Brazil, scientists have identified the fossil remains of that plant as an early member of a lineage called cycads, or cycadales, that continues to this day.

The Global Biodiversity Outlook report confirms that known species are on an accelerated path to extinction, with cycad and coral species among the groups most at risk.