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Nottingham Trent University students Laura Puttock and Emma de Duve said they were "absolutely gutted".

To potentially use this group of microbes as “a living antibiotic, we need to know how it grows,” said Terrens Saaki, a microbiologist studying predatory bacteria at the de Duve Institute in Belgium.

Could it be, in the words of Nobel laureate Christian de Duve, a “cosmic imperative?”

The word 'autophagy' — from the Greek for 'self-eating' — was coined in 1963 by the Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve, who saw how cells were breaking down their parts inside a waste-processing sac that he called a 'lysosome'.

Life on a young Earth could imply that life is a routine development in the universe, and could be, as Nobel laureate Christian de Duve put it, a "cosmic imperative."