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Small, deciduous trees and shrubs, such as the contorted hazelnut or a lacy Japanese maple, live happily in containers for years and look lovely in springtime surrounded by crocus and then tulips.

“For instance, deciduous trees and shrubs are generally less flammable than conifers, as they have a higher moisture content,” Clayton says.

Existing evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs are garden assets that might be worked into the finished design.

Nowhere is this engineering prowess more astounding than in the deciduous trees and shrubs that hold onto their dead leaves all winter, only to release them in spring.

Defoliated conifers don’t rebound like deciduous trees and shrubs, so unchecked bagworms are bad news.