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And Wayne Linklater, a wildlife ecologist at California State University, Sacramento, worries that the shyness of dehorned rhinos might ultimately make managed populations less wild.

In terms of dehorning, “no one has come to the conclusion yet if it’s effective or it’s not,” Ms. Duthé said.

Studies have shown that calves recover faster after dehorning when allowed to return to their social group, and chicks benefit from being near their mother hen after experiencing a mild stressor.

Founded more than 30 years ago, andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve is a leader in hands-on guest conservation experiences rooted in scientific need, ranging from rhino dehorning to elephant collaring.

On a recent morning, Otto and other Hume employees prepared to dehorn 19 bulls — a brisk, clinical undertaking.