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These take instructions from the white blood cells known as dendritic cells, which he refers to as the "generals" of the immune system.

The immunotherapy leverages dendritic cells, critical components of the immune system that normally identify infection and mobilize other elements of immunity to repel a microbial attack.

Livingston says the artificial lymph node approach is different from a cancer vaccine, which typically activates a dendritic cell, an immune system component that teaches T-cells what to search for.

The authors specifically found that optimal engagement needed to be between T cells and dendritic cells, a different type of white blood cell.

This reaction leads to the generation of hydrogen gas and dendritic growth of the zinc, rendering the battery essentially unusable.